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Saturday, January 21, 2012

Sticky Wages, Prices and effects of pouring money


Scott Sumner has a post about pouring of money - i.e. effects of expanding money supply. He disagrees with the metaphor that money pours into certain asset classes. While I agree with the principles behind Scott Sumner's post, I find most of times the metaphors send better signals for interpretation. But my main point is about prices and wages.

Prices and wages are embodiment of information - historical, present and future. If they change too quickly then the historical aspect is lost. For better or worse, our scale of value are anchored to the past. It does get influenced by present and to a less degree by expectations of future. But if we lose our anchor point or the reference scale then our mental models collapse and we lose our sense of reality. Thus, if we get paid $30,000 in year 1, $3,000 in year 2 and $3million in the next year, we will develop a sense of confusion.

Then comes the question of pouring. What pouring refers to is change in the relative value of asset classes. Imagine a spread of assets along a value spectrum, sort of a hierarchy (with sometimes assets jointly occupying a hierarchal position). 

If money increase does not modify the hierarchy then it does not impact much. If it does then it creates gainers and losers just because money is created. For example, if a really thirsty person would rather be just under the tap than away where water will eventually get to him. 

The argument therefore is whether the government or central bankers be allowed to create such distortion that has no grounding of productivity or real value creation.

One can argue that over long term the asset hierarchy goes back to a certain mean. But during the time a distortion is set in motion and the time we get back to time-tested mean we can extract advantage. Finance is prepping to do just that.

Saturday, January 14, 2012

United States of Europe

In principle, there is not much difference between United States of America (as it was intended) and United States of Europe (as it is perceived as of date). 
  1. USA was a federal structure in a true sense. Barring money, national security and foreign policy, not much role was envisaged for the central government. However, just like in the case of USA, USE must be wary of tendency of the central government to start hijacking things to itself. Sometimes there are legitimate reasons for doing so, for example:
    1. Inter-state issues of national security and policy. For example, establishing of FBI, DEA etc.
    2. Creating economic efficiency. For example, inconsistent laws between states creates problems and there is good argument for center to create a unifying law.
  2. Other times, central agency takes up power at times of crisis when collaborated and concurrent action is required by all the states together. Naomi Klein in Shock Doctrine, highlights some of the instances where disaster was used to by-pass checks and balances of the system.
Implication
So I don't see any problem when there exists a possibility of politically uniting Europe. If handled properly, it could be successful. However, odds are always stacked against it. Pursuing it at this moment will be a mistake. I am reminded of the quote, friendship always exists among equals. In today's Europe, there is no equality and hence no friendship.


Aside
If you have enough decentralization, then any aggregation at the top level has little or no effect. It is the centralization that starts creating the problem. It belittles the citizen and magnifies the government. 

Friday, January 13, 2012

Types of Investment and India's low-hanging fruit

I think India is much better placed at the moment primarily because there is lot of low hanging fruit. I attempt to list a few. When it comes to investment we have two kinds of investment. 
  1. The first represents fairly well understood investments where there is ample evidence of cost and benefit and technology is available from the experience of the first world countries. The road-map for development of such infrastructure, its costs, pay-off timelines etc. is well known.
    • Agricultural productivity
    • Basic Infrastructure - roads, power
    • Second-level infrastructure like cold chains, transportation hubs etc.
  2. The second is complicated and more like venture capital where risks are higher. Here the objective is to invest in areas that will value-drivers of the future. Here we are breaking new ground and the pay-offs are not clear. US and first world countries are required to invest in such type of infrastructure.
    • Alternate energy
    • New types of infrastructure including 4G telecom and other related such as NFC payments
    • High-end infrastructure e.g. intelligent Highways etc.
  
For India, substantial opportunities exists in the first part. This is what makes India an attractive destination. Starting around 1995, a lot of attempts have been made in estimating this demand. Most have been unsuccessful, but a substantial body of knowledge has emerged in this process. Today is the best time of all for companies to undertake massive infrastructure building projects. The question really is, will government facilitate the process balancing protection of citizen's rights and goals of developments.

Saturday, December 24, 2011

2012: Images from the Crystal ball

At the doorstep of 2012, I am here again looking at the crystal ball. There are signs

Reworking the Macro 
  1. The Eurozone faces tremendous challenges at the moment. 2012 will see the aftermath of the crisis. I imagine the Euro leaders will be able to patch things back, but substantial political sovereignty will have to be ceded. One hopes the sovereignty will be returned post the resolution of the crisis. In any case, Eurozone will spend the next year in hibernation.
  2. As I mentioned in previous post, there are currently two systems - Eurozone system and US-China system. 2012 will see stresses in the US-China system rise dramatically. I think as if rhyming with 2011, we will see stress in US-China system next year same time.
  3. We may see Chinese economy under stress. I am not sure how much will happen next year but China is unusually fast. I think we will see slowing of China - about 5-6% growth level.
  4. The Arab world will experience post-purchase dissonance with respect to new-found political setup. In worst case it means some new dictators will come up and uprising may start all over again or there may be bigger political discussions.
Financial markets
  1. I see increased synchronization - both globally amongst markets and within markets among stocks. Thus, old places to hide may not actually work. 
  2. From the investor standpoint, we will be forced to be more in cash or cash equivalents.  Correspondingly, even when invested, we must look to highly liquid names. I was hoping to see derivative markets in their full splendor at such times, but MF Global and lack of counter-party settlement systems keeps check on the system. 
  3. The other fall-out of this is steeper moves - on upside and downside. It means we can make or lose money super-quick. Markets may rise 20% in a month, fall 20% in the next. We should see more talk about Vix.
  4. Funds with specific low-cash rules should find it difficult. I think in general, the strict rule-based fund management should take a beating. Fund managers with broader mandate are likely to deploy the capital better. 

All in all an interesting year ahead. My best wishes to you all and I will see you next year. Merry Christmas, Happy new Year and happy holidays. Cheers


Thursday, December 22, 2011

Comparing Euro with US-China - MMT

Edward Harrison points to a Randall Wray post about MMT, sovereign debt crisis in Eurozone.

Randall refers to difference in location of monetary policy, within the sovereign in case of UK and outside the sovereign in case of France (with ECB), leading to reduced risk of default. Randall refers to this as one main source of problems of the Eurozone.

However, Euro area is not the only problem. When it comes to difference between where monetary policy is located and where fiscal policy is located, we have two examples of this model operating currently- Euro model and US-China model. Both are at risk, different risk, but definitely at risk.

In principle, US-China model has a similar monetary-fiscal policy situation to Euro area. US sets the monetary policy and that policy trickles down to set of countries that peg their currencies to US Dollar. I have only used China as representative, in reality many more countries peg their currencies to USD and this group is bigger than the Euro-group.[1]

The issues is if you have given up monetary sovereignty, you are eventually forced to give up broad level fiscal sovereignty as well. So a system where monetary policy is regional, you must have a regional fiscal policy at least at a broad level. It all boils down to congruence between fiscal and monetary policy.

The persistence with this monetary-fiscal distortion polarizes the participants creating a production pole and consumption pole. In case of Euro area, we have Germany and Greece as representative poles. In case of US-China model the respective poles are China and US.

Now the difference is Germany, the production pole, has larger influence over monetary policy[2] in Eurozone while its corresponding pole China, has no say in policy of US. 

In the US-China case, US does not seem to have a problem. But actually it does. The model requires the China-group to keep buying US treasuries. This allows US more monetary policy room but forces these countries to absorb, either through government or overseas investment, this impact. It masks the problems of US till one fine day US suffers a heart attack. Further imagine the policy environment if Greece ran the policy in Eurozone. I won't go into more detail here but suffice to say this model is equally broken.



Notes:
  1. Euro as a group, single entity, also has a similar arrangement. Here Euro-group occupies the position of US and few countries peg their currencies to Euro. In addition, Euro is also influenced by its value with respect to USD. It is sort of a complex fractal. We will leave aside these complications for the moment.
  2. Apologies to those who believe monetary policy is truly independent. And, of course - there is no Santa Claus - it was your parents all along.